＜A foot-and-mouth disease＞
| Target |
The acute virus infectious disease which happens by various cloven-hoofed animals (Beef, buffalo, mutton and goat pork).
A foot-and-mouth disease virus is also infected with more than 70 kinds of wild cloven-hoofed animals as well as cattle.（Yamauchi 2010: 9） |
|
| Prodrome |
| I pass 2-hiding on around the 8th by a cow and show the symptoms. Fever, an appetite decline and the decline with the remarkable amount of the milk can see a typical case first. After that a blister starts to drivel and appears in a tongue and gums. A blister is also seen by skin between the finger, around the hoof and a breast. A blister of a tongue is repaired in 2 or 3 days, but a blister of a foot and a nasal cavity isn't repaired easily by secondary infection of bacteria.（Yamauchi 2010: 9） |
|
| Death rate |
An adult cow has a low death rate. The death rate of the adult cow gets
back most in 2-3 weeks within 5%. But it also keeps discharging a virus
after that.
There is a case that a calf before 6 months dies of a myocardial flame.
The death rate of the calf is more than 50 % and if it's the overcrowded
culture environment, it's here to become 90%.
There are also a lot of cows on which immunity has foot-and-mouth disease in the present area. The symptom is light for such cows, and something unusual is hardly.
（Yamauchi 2010: 9-10） |
| Route of infection |
| A virus invades main route of infection from the respiratory organ mucous
membrane by aerial infection. A virus arrives at food, and I infect from
the mouth. When entering at the mouth, a virus invades from an almond.
There is a case that contact is infected from a hurt because of the virus
included in blister liquid.（Yamauchi 2010: 10） |
| Infection expansion process |
A virus mixes with expiration and feces and urine for an infected animal. And these viruses invade from the respiratory organ and expand infection. A virus can be multiplied only at the interior of the body of an animal, so a discharged virus doesn't increase. But when an environmental condition in the outside world is suitable for a virus, an extended period survives.
(How long can-> KHV live?)
In particular, a foot-and-mouth disease virus survives long at the outside
world. But I perish easily by a sunbeam, an acid, an alkalinity and hotness.
There are movement of an infection animal and a spread by polluted one,
contact with a person and a polluted wind as the expansion diameter way.
Most spread method is movement of an infection animal. Because a virus
multiplies at the interior of the body of an infection animal, and that's
discharged. A virus lives through an extended period in the throat for
a cow, a sheep and a goat in particular, so infection is easy to expand.
There is also a lot of expansion by a polluted stockbreeding product. pH
generally falls in case of meat, and for a virus to be inactivated, it's
thought that a possibility which becomes a source of infection is low.
But an extended period is continued by a lymph node.
Much of infection by a person will be when a virus is stuck in clothes
and shoes, and it's a source of infection. It's doubted that a source of
infection of the foot-and-mouth disease which occurred at Kanghwa-do in
May of 2010 was brought in when a pasture proprietor traveled to China.
The virus released from an infection animal enters into the experimenter's
throat by an experiment of a par bright research center, and it's longest
and I continue for 28 hours, and, moreover, the virus amount, in cattle,
it's infected, an enough result is obtained. There is also a lot of spread
by a container.
It's doubted that the foot-and-mouth disease which spread in Miyazaki-ken
in Japan in 2000 is the straw imported from China. Spread by a wind had
sometimes also occurred at Europe. A virus will be stuck in small dust
and trash and be an aerosol, and is carried by a wind. It's said that it
spread with more than 10 times of rate of the flu by a wind by a British
case in 1976. The piggery where a pig of the infection first example which
became cause of generation was raised was specified mostly by a British
case in 2001 again, but a possibility that I stayed as the infection diameter
way was only the meat or the meat product brought in illegally. As a result,
a possibility that the leftover by which the meat infected with a virus
was included was given to a pig without being heated sufficiently, is doubted.（Yamauchi
2010: 10-11、13-18）
|
| Serotypic |
A foot-and-mouth disease virus is shared with 7 of serotypic (O, A, C,
SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1) at present. It's thought that the new type isn't
found any more at present, and much sub type is under these 7.（Yamauchi
2010: 19）
|
| Classification |
| A cow has high sensitivity to the virus in particular and is infected
by 10 infection unit degree. The symptom is also easy to find, so cow in
case of is called a detection animal for foot-and-mouth disease discovery.
If a pig isn't a virus beyond 1000 infection unit, it's said that it isn't
infected. But to release a virus in quantities, it's called an amplification
animal of a virus. A sheep doesn't take out the symptom so much. A long
virus is being possessed in the throat part, so a sheep is called a maintenance
animal of a virus. A wild African buffalo is a maintenance animal of a
virus as well as a sheep in South Africa. Foot-and-mouth disease is present
because the control measure is difficult by wildlife, and it's thought
that the eradication is impossible.（Yamauchi 2010: 11-12） |
| The feature |
| The important feature of the foot-and-mouth disease is the spread power.
By classification of an international animal disease secretariat (OIE),
rinderpest and a high cause of the disease, I line up the flu, and, in
list A, IRERA. Rinderpest and a high cause of the disease, for the flu
virus to cause fatal infection in a cow and a chicken, now, everyone has
with important sickness for protection of health of cattle. But the toxicity
of a foot-and-mouth disease virus isn't so strong. It's temporary but growing
doesn't produce raw milk any more, and makes an existence value as a financial
animal be deprived to stop. Moreover it's also the sickness which spreads
rapidly. When I say from an economical point in dispute, it can be said
that it's important sickness not protection of health of cattle, but for
trade protection.（Yamauchi 2010: 12-13） |
| History of foot-and-mouth disease and a sick measure |
BSE and a high cause of the disease, the beef and the pork which are a
lot as a foot-and-mouth disease measure like avian influenza, culling.
Such, how to do is based on an international animal sanitary agreement
of the international animal disease secretariat which says "for infection
cattle and cattle with a fear of infection, all culling," (OIE). Starting
of culling even dates back to Italy in 1711. For Giovanni Lancisi which
was Pope's physician to the emperor to prevent rinderpest being spread
in Pope's territory, it's a first that it was proposed that a disease cow
will be killed immediately and that you aren't supposed to move an animal
from the area where sickness has gone out.（Yamauchi 2010: 23-24）。
|
| The United Kingdom |
In 1839, the first foot-and-mouth disease finds it by a cow in the United
Kingdom. A source of infection was guessed at with the meat and the hay
imported from Argentina. But foot-and-mouth disease was still regarded
as slight sickness. By 1865 and the United Kingdom, again, rinderpest is
the big fashion.
A measure in the case also suppressed the spread of foot-and-mouth disease
as well as rinderpest. This was opportunity and I could think movement
prohibited measure of culling and an animal was also effective to foot-and-mouth
disease now.
Agriculture became popular in the United Kingdom in 1860 's, but it was
watched cheap cereal started to be imported from USA from the end of 1870
's to the beginning in 1980 's as well as that production of beef and milk
falls by foot-and-mouth disease, and it started to be recognized economically
important sickness. In 1922, the first infection example is found and also
occurs at the same time by several points in 1923 at the livestock market.
A target of culling reached nearly 300,000. Incompetent criticism was cruel
to this measure of the Department of Agriculture, and rose and also sided
with a newspaper, but culling has been continued and has ended in 1924.
An investigation report about this occurrence was published in 1925. Criticism
to a measure of the Department of Agriculture was included, but I concluded
that the voice which wishes for the case that culling is the only measure
and isolation gives up the wish to exclude sickness from the United Kingdom
there.
The British system called culling here, settlement, it's seen, I come. I have begun to develop an inactivated vaccine using a tongue of the cow on which German Otto Barth Mann inoculated foot-and-mouth disease in 1937 and be used by Denmark, Netherlands and Germany. Dutch Frenkel announced a great deal of vaccine manufacturing processes by the system which inoculates a virus on tegumental cell of a tongue of a healthy cow in 1947.
In 1951, foot-and-mouth disease occurs at a coast in England south-eastern
part. The voice from which a hoop and vaccine inoculation are asked including
culling rose for the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture
opposed this and argument developed into an assembly, a newspaper and a
public hearing, but while being complicated, foot-and-mouth disease was
ended, and argument was also flickering out.
In 1967, foot-and-mouth disease occurs at the United Kingdom Midwest. A cow, a sheep and cattle of about 430,000 of goat pig adjustment are culling. The argument which should be changed to vaccine inoculation again by this occurrence has occurred. The one of vaccine inoculation is moral, is scientific and is a reason which is economical and suits modern stockbreeding. But such opinion didn't also judge the spread by anything root-like of grass. The Department of Agriculture person concerned pointed out the problem about concerning a vaccine, too, and I objected that culling was more economical.
Foot-and-mouth disease was present by the second half in the 20th century
and most in Western Europe, but culling wasn't performed. The reason is
because I was strong in resistance to culling. Culling is because I wasn't
taking the measure which stops the case that it's borrowed whether it was
a cost and an invasion of a virus from a neighboring country. I decided
to do a foot-and-mouth disease control by the way to say vaccine inoculation
to a compensation.
As a result, occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease at Europe decreased
sharply in 3658 examples in 1968 from 25,000 examples in 1960. Most was
infected with British foot-and-mouth disease from the European Continent.
So it was also useful for the United Kingdom's maintaining the foot-and-mouth
disease cleanability that occurrence at a continent decreased sharply.
In 1960 's, a par bright research center found that BHK21 cell of the
kidney history of the hamster is suitable for multiplication of a foot-and-mouth
disease virus. It becomes possible to mass-produce a vaccine, and it's
going to be supplied all the countries with. Foot-and-mouth disease at
Europe was excluded by this mostly to the middle in 1970 's. But occurrence
of the small-scale foot-and-mouth disease which sometimes happens makes
a vaccine the virus you aren't making be inactivated. This, the virus which
wasn't inactivated was caused by a vaccine. Therefore I wished for cancellation
of vaccine inoculation from the agricultural person concerned. It's because
the agricultural person concerned is thinking trade with the pure country
where vaccine inoculation isn't being done becomes easy. We assumed in
1992, that continuation of a great deal of vaccine inoculation lacked the
financial rationality for EU. Therefore a member country in the EU canceled
vaccine inoculation and adopted compulsory culling, and I decided so that
import of a vaccine inoculation animal might be prohibited. A British system's
hiding it, and to being also adopted as EU.
In 2001, foot-and-mouth disease is found at England east Essex state.
Foot-and-mouth disease expands to British whole with this as a start, about
6,000,000 in total, culling. Culling for a control was 4,000,000 in this
culling, and the rest was culling for a animal welfare measure. When much
of cattle is pastured in the United Kingdom, and grass is eaten up, you
can move to a different pasture. But when movement is restricted, cattle
can't eat grass any more, and starve to death. Because it's animal welfare
because it's so, culling. The whole economic loss by this occurrence is
approximately 8,000,000,000 pounds. It was occurrence of the British history's
worst. A British prime minister, the environment, a food and all kinds'
paper for which the correspondence is criticized to a rural area Ministry
minister were taken out after ending.
「The lesson which should be learned from occurrence of foot-and-mouth
disease in 2001 and policy of a government to a future important disease
of cattle. Investigation about that.」This outline is as follows. In the
traditional measure for which I depend on culling, question. Then Frontline
Defense when importing it, (against swine flu) is emphasizing that the
invasion of a virus is impossible. Every kind of occurrence of foot-and-mouth
disease should consider urgent vaccine inoculation as a part of a control
measure. Safety of a vaccine becomes high by technical development. And
the probability that a virus is being carried goes down the animal on which
a vaccine was inoculated. I should take the lead in argument as vaccine
inoculation will be the international control means of the foot-and-mouth
disease, and more British Government won't be obstruction of trade. Condition
culling where a social accord isn't though the social interest was big
about animal welfare, for, it should be made a problem. The outline of
"investigation of the scientific side by the royal society" is
as follows. The vaccine is very useful for conquest of an infection of
a person and an animal. Periodic vaccine inoculation is also the best measure
sickness of many animals. An edible animal also takes vaccine inoculation.
Use of a periodic foot-and-mouth disease vaccine was never performed in
the United Kingdom, but it has been used until 1991 at many EU various
countries. There was 1 problem that urgent vaccine inoculation is of primary
concern until these days. It wasn't possible to be infected and distinguish
between the individual who got back and the individual who just did vaccine
inoculation. But the distinction becomes possible by present. OIE and WTO
were requesting 12 months, but for an urgent vaccine use country to return
to a pure country it was a restraint factor of urgent vaccine use that
9 months old are late compared with culling, too. But I understood that
OIE reduces 12 months in 6 months in 2002. It's hidden, and a policy change
to "the vaccine to resuscitate" is asked from "the vaccine
to kill". （Yamauchi 2010: 25-39）
cf. http://www.niah.affrc.go.jp/disease/FMD/uk2007/index.html |
| The Netherlands |
| After 1984, foot-and-mouth disease didn't occur in the Netherlands. But
occurrence in the United Kingdom in 2001 also involved the Netherlands.
A Dutch government did emergency vaccination program, though a vaccine
was inoculated, all culling. The ending back and a vaccine inoculation
cow, criticism was voiced in culling, but I have died in about 1 month
in the Netherlands by emergency vaccination program.（Yamauchi 2010: 42-44） |
| The United States |
The first foot-and-mouth disease occurred at the east seaside in 1870
at USA. It occurred in 1880 and 1884 after that in the 19th century, but
both were local. It'll occur by the State of Massachusetts in 1902 and
expand to the bar Monde New Hampshire State of Rhode Island in the 20th
century, and I have ended in the next year.Foot-and-mouth disease occurred
at the State of Pennsylvania in 1908.
Moreover even the Michigan Maryland State of New York brings about foot-and-mouth
disease. The calf used for Jennerian vaccine production was concerned with
occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in 1902 and 1908. A foot-and-mouth
disease virus mixed the reason in Jennerian vaccine. Foot-and-mouth disease
occurred at the State of Michigan in 1914. Occurrence at the State of Michigan
was the biggest fashion in USA. It occurred by State of California San
Francisco in 1924, was spread in Los Angeles and reached the State of Texas.
I recurred at the State of California in 1929. Occurrence of foot-and-mouth
disease isn't seen at USA with this in the end.（Yamauchi 2010: 45-50） |
| Canada |
| Occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in Canada is only the once up to
now. I bring in 1951 and have ended in the next year. Occurrence felt even
a wind was wide, but large-scale expansion wasn't seen. It's considered
as the factor that I had the culture low density of a cow and that there
were no cases that a pig was small number of infection and systems which
make the leftover food. A possibility that a virus was stuck in clothes
of a German immigration is considered as an invasion course. But this plan
is doubtful.（Yamauchi 2010: 50-51） |
| Mexico |
| The first occurrence is 1946. A source of infection was the bull imported
from Brazil. Culling advanced rapidly with 58,000 of every week from summer
of 1947 to autumn and reached nearly 500,000 by November. When going by
this pace, the thing which equals 5,000,000 in only a cow was expected.
On the other hand an opponent of culling accelerates from a stock raising
farmer. At last, the veterinarian dispatched from Mexico and United States
is even developed into the event killed by a farmer. The prevention of
epidemics committee received such process and stopped planning unlimited
culling in 1947, and I converted into vaccine inoculation. Infected beef
and the beef suspected, culling, to gain the power of resistance, I decided
to inoculate a vaccine on a healthy cow. A vaccine factory is established
and vaccine production has been begun. Vaccine inoculation indicated the
effect, and occurrence decreased in a mark gradually. Occurrence has disappeared
perfectly in 1951. An eradication plan has ended in 1952. This case was
the first example by which foot-and-mouth disease was eradicated by vaccine
inoculation in the history of a foot-and-mouth disease measure.（Yamauchi
2010: 51-53）。 |
| Taiwan |
3 years, 1924 and 1925 are from 1913 in the government age by Japan for
occurrence in Taiwan, it was seen twice. But foot-and-mouth disease wasn't
seen after that and when it didn't exist, was done. But the infection was
confirmed by a pig in 1997. Culling, Taiwanese pork export industry received
a heavy blow by a control cost and export restriction to Japan beyond 3,850,000
for the number of the pig.（Yamauchi 2010: 69-73）
cf. http://www.maff.go.jp/j/press/syouan/eitai/090219.html
http://www.niah.affrc.go.jp/disease/FMD/index.html
|
| Korea |
cf. http://www.niah.affrc.go.jp/disease/FMD/korea_2010.html
http://www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/douei/katiku_yobo/k_fmd/korea.html |
| China |
| cf. http://www.niah.affrc.go.jp/disease/FMD/china.html |
| Japan |
It's Meiji Period that occurrence was doubted first. That has happened
in Ibaraki-ken in 1899. It's also unclear whether occurrence of foot-and-mouth
disease is most certain. It occurred in Tokyo in 1990. After being spread
in 6 prefectures, I have ended in the next year. When occurring in Tokyo,
it was investigated.
The foot-and-mouth disease was also confirmed 44 times at an animal quarantine
place from 1919 to 1922 in the Taisho Era. The beef of total of 1175 of
foot-and-mouth disease was checked, but there was no infection to a domestic
cow. The symptom of the foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed by the cow
transported from Korean Peninsula at a quarantine station of cattle in
Shimonoseki-shi in 1933 (Showa Period). It's judged as the typical case
which indicates spread of foot-and-mouth disease. The foot-and-mouth disease
was confirmed by 10 of Japanese Cattle at Miyazaki in March in 2000 (Heisei
Period). After I passed through sample inspection by the whole country
level, then it was confirmed that the occurrence has been finished at 4
farmhouses. Culling, a cow is 740. OIE is pure to Japan in September, a
country, the return was confirmed. It's first as a source of infection,
from it's said that a possibility of the straw made in China granted to
the cow at a farm is high. It occurs in Miyazaki-ken again in April in
2010. Initial motion was behind schedule, infection could fold up and even
spread over a pig from a cow. A lot of cattle, culling, it led to the situation
a valuable seed bull calls isolation (by special measures). Urgent vaccine
inoculation was put into effect in May. An urgent vaccine was something
to suppress expansion. In the long run inoculated animals, culling.（Yamauchi
2010: 65-69、73-80）
cf. http://www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/douei/katiku_yobo/k_fmd/index.html |
| Vaccine |
One of the problem that a vaccine holds...?
After inoculating a vaccine, be attacked with infection. And it's to be
able to think the cause attacked is a vaccine. Even if an inactivated vaccine
is used, there is a possibility that a virus which isn't inactivated is
left. Though it's a popular infection virus, (by using a live vaccine)
a possibility of the vaccine infection is also considered. The vaccine
which can classify natural infection as vaccine infection for a solution
of this problem is used. That's a marker vaccine. A movement of marker
vaccine development of foot-and-mouth disease became popular in the first
half in 1990 's at Europe. Adopted one is the idea that non-composition
protein which isn't a component of a foot-and-mouth disease virus particle
(NSP) is made a marker. It's a one necessary to virus multiplication by
the protein produced by information on a foot-and-mouth disease virus gene,
but NSP isn't included in a virus particle. The antibody of NSP as well
as the antibody of protein in the surface of the virus particle are also
produced at the interior of the body of an infection animal. Therefore
when refining a foot-and-mouth disease virus and inoculating a vaccine
not including NSP, a NSP antibody isn't produced. You can prove to be to
confirm the absence of a NSP antibody in this way and not to be infected
with a vaccine inoculation animal. Such idea. Big occurrence in the United
Kingdom in 2001 will be a trigger, and most vaccines are this refinement
vaccine present. But there is a fear that NSP sometimes also mixes this
marker vaccine. So an outcome of research and development of a more highly
reliable marker vaccine is announced by reorganization DNA technology from
United Kingdom, USA and China.（Yamauchi 2010: 58-63）
|
| Confirmation/point in dispute (Memo by Akira Abe) |
| ・対策について：日本の口蹄疫対策の非科学性を指摘するものに山内（2010）。 |
| ・（野生ではなく）家畜における発生が口蹄疫の「問題」。 |
| ・人間への害：直接的害はない（感染しない）。間接的害はある、たとえばＥ）経済的損害とＣ）文化的損害。すくなくともＥ）は殺処分の主たる理由とされてきた。感染拡大が悪なのは家畜／商品が死ぬと、売れなくなると、損だから（清浄国への欲望）。 |
| ・道徳的観点：動物倫理的には、殺処分＜ワクチン接種。この病気は重篤な「死にいたる病」ではない。よって動物福祉（苦痛の回避）の観点から殺処分の正当化は困難。 |
| ・「殺処分＜ワクチン接種」がのぞましいとして、接種の対象となる動物はかぎられる。哺乳類かつ家畜が条件か。その基準はなにか。可感性は前提として、ひとつは、Ｘ）人間との心理的／生物学的近さ（殺すのはなんか嫌だな感の強弱）。ひとつは、Ｙ）有用性。とりわけ経済的価値。動物によっては、Ｘ＜ＹのケースもＹ＜Ｘのケースもあるだろう。その他基準の検討とあわせ、道徳的配慮対象の線引き（とその正当化）問題は重要（Ott
und Gorke eds.2000＝2010)。 |
| ・歴史を概観した印象では、いわゆる人為を原因とする発生がめだつように思われる。 |
|
|
