Nitrogen provides great benefits to humankind as a fertilizer, industrial material and fuel. However, our use of nitrogen unintentionally causes nitrogen pollution and threatens the health of humans and nature. In this project, we will elucidate the dynamics of nitrogen, of which much remains unknown; quantify the environmental burden and impact of nitrogen use; evaluate its benefits and threats and the effects of countermeasures and behavior change; and design the future to realize sustainable nitrogen use.

Nitrogen is an essential element for creating proteins, nucleobases, and other biomolecules. Although nitrogen is ubiquitous, with 78% of the earth’s atmosphere being nitrogen gas (N₂), most living organisms, including humans, do not have access to stable N₂ and require a form of nitrogen other than N₂ (reactive nitrogen, Nr). Our diet is also a means of obtaining nitrogen in the form of protein. To get more food from limited land, we need Nr as fertilizer, and ammonia synthesis technology (Haber-Bosch process), developed in the early 20th century, made it possible to obtain as much Nr as desired.

Synthesized Nr has been used as an industrial raw material as well as a fertilizer, providing a great benefit to mankind. On the other hand, much of the Nr used by humans is discharged into the environment along with its reactive properties. This is especially due to the low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the food system. In addition to the low NUE of food production, there are consumption challenges such as food loss and a preference for livestock products with relatively low NUE. Combustion of fossil fuels and others is another source of Nr emissions.

As a result of Nr emissions into the environment, various forms of nitrogen pollution such as global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, air pollution, water pollution, eutrophication, and acidification have occurred, causing damage to human and natural health. The trade-off between the benefits of nitrogen use with the threat of nitrogen pollution is called the “nitrogen issue” (Figure 1). To ensure that our future possibilities are sound, we conduct this research to gain integrated knowledge that will lead to solutions to the nitrogen issue and sustainable nitrogen use for future generations.

What we know so far

We have been aiming for three breakthroughs to address the nitrogen issue (Figure 2): developing tools to quantitatively analyze the causal links between nitrogen use and pollution; raising awareness of the nitrogen issue; and future design for sustainable nitrogen use. In FY2024 (FR2), we continued publishing analyses and reviews on nitrogen cycles in nature and human society, while engaging in extensive outreach using leaflets (Figure 3) and other materials. These efforts supported domestic and international initiatives for nitrogen management.

Noteworthy items

We contributed to international nitrogen management through roles such as Director of the East Asia Center of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) and Steering Committee Member of the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM), including participation in the UNEP Working Group on Nitrogen (WGN). Domestically, we supported the formulation of Japan’s Action Plan on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, released by the Ministry of the Environment in September 2024. We successfully secured Kyoto as the host city for the 10th International Nitrogen Conference (November 2026). We also explored art-science collaboration through events such as the exhibition “Ghost Stories and Nitrogen,” co-created with artists.