UNESCO IHP, IGRAC and GWSP Project 
Groundwater Resources Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Change (GRAPHIC)
| Top | Subjects | Methods | Regions | Summary | Member | Meeting | Link | Bibliography |
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| UNESCO IHP, IGRAC and GWSP Project Groundwater Resources Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Change (GRAPHIC) |
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| Subjects | ||||
| 1. Changes in groundwater recharge rate | 2. Changes in groundwater discharge rate | 3. Changes in groundwater storage | 4. Changes in groudwater quality | 5. Managements |
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| (1) Changes in groundwater recharge rate | |
| Recharge enhancement | |
 Irrigation |
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| Land clearing (deforestation)Artificial recharge |
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| Land use (surface condition) changes (e.g., permeable roads, no-tillage
agriculture) |
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| Climate change (increased precipitation) |
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| Climate change (decreased evapotranspiration due to cooler temperature) |
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| Recharge reduction | |
| Plantation forestry |
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| Urbanization (impermeable layer, etc.) |
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| Mulching and precision agriculture - improved spatial soil water retention |
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| Climate changes (decreased precipitation) |
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| Climate changes (increased evapotranspiration due to warmer temperature) |
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| (2) Changes in groundwater discharge rate | |
| Discharge enhancement | |
| Groundwater uses in the discharge area (increased hydraulic gradient) |
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| Leaky sewers |
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| Decreased discharge into rivers (competition between river discharge and groundwater discharge) |
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| Climate change (decreased sea level) |
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Discharge reduction |
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| Increased groundwater level in the discharge area due to regulation of
pumping (decreased hydraulic gradient) |
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| Increased discharge into the rivers (competition between river discharge
and groundwater discharge) |
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| Climate changes (increase in sea level) |
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| (3) Changes in groundwater storage | |
| Storage enhancement | |
| Underground dam |
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| Recovery of groundwater storage due to regulation of pumping |
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| Positive balance between recharge and discharge |
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Storage reduction |
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| Groundwater mining |
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| Negative balance between recharge and discharge |
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| Saltwater intrusion due to excessive pumping |
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| Saltwater intrusion by sea level rise due to climate change |
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| Groundwater contamination |
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| (4) Changes in groudwater quality | |
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| (5) Managements | |
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| Organizations | Contact |
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Dr. Makoto TANIGUCHI Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047 Japan tel: +81-75-707-2255, fax: +81-75-707-2506 e-mail:  |
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| All Rights Reserved, Copyrihgt(C), Research Institute for Humanity and Nauture | |